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www.sea-technology.com February 2016 / st 19 work are potentially important for in- terpreting and understanding incon- sistencies often observed between optical remote-sensing systems and optical properties directly resolved in small sample volumes. Individual measurements them- selves may have small, well-con- strained uncertainties, but they may not be measuring the most represen- tative parameters. Models may require additional complexity to achieve the level of predictive capability required for some applications. From an ecological perspective, the orientation of certain phytoplank- ton due to their shape may confer competitive advantages to the species and be part of the evolutionary forc- ing of their morphology. For exam- ple, morphologies that tend toward horizontal orientation in natural fow regimes may increase pigment cross- section available to harvest light for photosynthesis, while decreasing sinking rates. We and our colleagues are actively researching these topics. Acknowledgments We are indebted to Nicole Stock- ley, Dr. Aditya Nayak, Dr. Malcolm McFarland, Dr. Anni Vuorenkoski Dalgleish, Ben Metzger, Mike Young, Brain Ramos, and Schuyler Nardelli for various roles in the feld effort and data processing. Dr. Alan Wei- demann and Dr. Deric Gray provided essential cruise support and access to lidar data. Capt. Bob Miller ably co- ordinated sensor deployments from the RV Humpback. We are grateful to ONR Littoral Geosciences and Op- tics for supporting this work. ST Dr. Michael Twardowski is a research professor at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI) and program lead for Marine and Environmental Sensing, I-SENSE, at Florida Atlantic University with interests in ocean optics, particle feld dynamics, technology development, and autonomous moni- toring. Dr. James Sullivan earned his M.S. and Ph.D. from URI Graduate School of Oceanography. His re- search interests include understanding the spatial- temporal dynamics of phytoplankton populations in the oceans and the development and use of novel instrumentation to study these complex pro- cesses. He is a research professor at HBOI. Dr. Fraser Dalgleish is an associate professor lead- ing the Ocean Visibility and Optics Laboratory at HBOI, focusing on the application of laser sensors and unmanned marine vehicles to develop new undersea robotic imaging, sensing, detection and networking capabilities. He has more than 30 au- thored papers and patents. info@edgetech.com USA 1.508.291.0057 Clearly Superior Imaging SONAR SYSTEMS SUB-BOTTOM PROFILERS BATHYMETRY SYSTEMS SIDE SCAN SONARS Sample raw waveforms (top) from a sin- gle pulse position while lidar is held at azimuth = 0°, zenith = +90°. Time series (bottom) of remotely sensed profles of attenuation (K sys ) measured with the NRL above-water lidar system. A strong, thin layer was observed between 2 and 4 m, depth varying with internal waves, corroborating observations from the suite of in-water optical sensors. (Data courtesy of Alan Weidemann)